I have a 12 gage 590 I have had it well over 5 years now and while I was cleaning it I just noticed it had a bayonet lug. I knew the USMC used Mossbergs, but did they ever have the model 590 in their arsenel as a standard issue shotgun? I do not know, I was in the Army myself. The bayonet lug is way cool, but it really does not have a purpose on a shotgun, in my opinion other than just really cool looking.
Does anyone know if anyone out there makes a flashlight attachment that uses a standard lug attachment as a quick release? So that you can attach a flashlight to a shotgun, easy on, and easy off, but with the secure fit of a bayonet?
All I can tell you is this. In tonights or Wednesdays American Rifleman episode, the continuation from last week where they talk about the great John Moses Browning. Anyhow, as I watched it just now, DVR'd it, they were showing pictures of older,different and other models of guns he'd had a hand in making or contributed to. I don't know the brand, but it was a shotgun, it did have a bayonet lug and it did have a bayonet on it. So to kind of answer your question, there was a shotgun, not sure of the brand, but there was a shotgun with a bayonet on it...
Based on this, I suggest you research it by googling "shotgun with bayonet" and see what comes up? Good luck...
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We had a couple 590s and Rem 870s in our armory. I think the bayonet lug is just something the higher ups mandated back when during test trials. one of those just in case we need a trench gun type things. There's a pretty sweet pic of a mossberg with a bayonet attached on wikipedia.
I have the 12 ga. 590 Mossy and I have not found a flashlight that would mount to it like a bayonet quick connect yet. If you want something to put on the lug you can get a M16 bayonet it will mount up perfectly. They do make rails that will attach to the bayonet lug and you can attach what ever you want to it, but I have not tried any of these yet to see how well they work.